Reported Speech/Indirect
Speech
Reported
speech atau indirect speech adalah suatu cara mengungkapkan apa yang
orang lain (speaker) telah katakan secara langsung (direct/quoted speech)
berupa pernyataan, pertanyaan, atau ucapan lainnya dengan mengubah format
pembicaraan tersebut sehingga menjadi lebih jelas, alami, dan efisien bagi
pendengarnya. Logikanya, seorang penyampai berita tidak melaporkan persis
setiap kata yang diucapkan oleh seseorang.
Direct speech yang
diubah menjadi reported speech tersebut dapat berupa statement
(pernyataan), imperative command (perintah), invitation (undangan),request (permintaan), yes/
no
question (pertanyaan), maupun information question (pertanyaan
akan informasi).
Contoh:
|
Reporting
|
Contoh Kalimat Direct Speech
|
Contoh Kalimat Reported Speech
|
|
Statement
|
“I’m not hungry now.”
(Saya tidak lapar sekarang.) |
He said that he was not hungry at that time.
|
|
Imperative
|
“Do not touch my computer!”
(Jangan sentuh komputerku!) |
She told me not to touch her computer.
|
|
Yes-no question
|
“Did you eat my cake?”
(Apakah kamu makan kueku?) |
She wanted to know if I’d eaten her cake.
|
|
Information
question |
“Who is the winner?”
(Siapa pemenangnya?) |
He asked me who the winner was.
|
Pada dasarnya, direct speech diubah
menjadi reported speech dengan menghilangkan tanda baca kutip,
menghilangkan huruf kapital didalam kalimat, menambahkan that (optional),
mengubah pronoun (menjadi
orang ketiga), memodifikasi verb, mengoreksi time reference (waktu
yang disebutkan dalam pembicaraan) dan/atau menambahkan whether atau if .
Berikut adalah beberapa penjelasannya .
Perbandingan time references pada direct dan reported
speech adalah sebagai berikut.
|
Direct Speech
|
Reported Speech
|
|
here
|
There
|
|
last month/year
|
the month/year before, the preceding month/year,
the previous month/year
|
|
next month/year
|
a month/year later, the following month/year, the
next month/year
|
|
now
|
at that time, then
|
|
today
|
that day
|
|
tomorrow
|
a day later, the following/next day
|
|
yesterday
|
the day before, the previous day
|
|
two days/weeks ago
|
two days/weeks before, two days/weeks earlier
|
Contoh perubahan time reference:
|
Contoh Kalimat Direct Speech
|
Contoh Kalimat Reported Speech
|
|
“Will I receive the packet tomorrow?”
(Akankah saya menerima paket tsb besok?) |
He asked if he would receive the packet the
following day.
|
|
“I have to return the book two days ago.”
(Saya harus mengembalikan buku tsb dua hari lalu.) |
She said that she had to return the book two
days earlier.
|
Menambahkan whether atau if
Whether atau if ditambahkan
untuk menyampaikan kalimat yes-no question yang telah didengar
sebelumnya. Yes-no question merupakan bentuk pertanyaan yang
membutuhkan jawaban yes atau no.
Contoh:
|
Contoh Direct Speech
|
Contoh Kalimat Reported Speech
|
Keterangan
|
|
“Do you have a little time?”
(Apa kamu punya sedikit waktu?) |
He asked me if I had a little time.
|
Jawaban dari pertanyaan pada direct speech: Yes,
I do atau No, I don’t
|
|
“Have you heard the news?”
(Sudahkah kamu mendengar berita tsb?) |
She wanted to knowwhether I had heard the
news.
|
Jawaban dari pertanyaan pada direct speech: Yes,
I have atau No, I haven’t
|
Memodifikasi Verb pada Reported Speech
Modifikasi pada verb dari directmenjadi reported
speech dapat berupa mengubah verb menjadi infinitive. Perubahan
ini diaplikasikan pada reporting imperatives (commands). Selain itu,
umumnya verb tense (presentatau future, termasuk modal)
diubah menjadi bentuk past. Misalnya, direct speech: present
tense, maka reported speech-nya: past tense. Berikut detailnya.
|
Direct Speech
|
Reported Speech
|
Direct Speech
|
Reported Speech
|
|
will
|
Would
|
||
|
must, have to
|
had to
|
||
|
may (permission)
|
could, might
|
||
|
future (am/is/are
going to)
|
was/were going to
|
shall
|
should (ask for advice), would (simple future)
|
|
past tense
|
past perfect
|
may (possibility)
|
Might
|
|
past continuous
|
can
|
Could
|
Contoh perubahan verb (dan modal):
|
Contoh Direct Speech
|
Contoh Reported Speech
|
Keterangan
|
|
“I have cleaned your room.”
(Saya telah membersihkan ruanganmu.) |
He told that he had cleaned my room.
(Dia mengatakan bahwa dia telah membersihkan ruanganku.) |
have cleaned= present perfect; had cleaned= past
perfect
|
|
“May I go to the bathroom?”
(Bolehkah saya pergi ke kamar mandi?) |
She asked if she could go to the
bathroom.
(Dia bertanya apakah dia dapat pergi ke kamar mandi.) |
may= modal (present); could= modal (past)
|
Namun ada beberapa pengecualian sebagai
berikut.
Jika yang disampaikan merupakan fact (fakta)
atau general truth (kebenaran umum)
Jika penyampai berita percaya bahwa apa yang
disampaikannya masih benar/berlaku atau belum terjadi dan penyampai berita
percaya pada apa yang dikatakan pembicara.
Contoh pengecualian:
|
Contoh Direct Speech
|
Contoh Reported Speech
|
Keterangan
|
|
Kondisi 1
|
||
|
“Water boils at 100 degrees Celcius.”
(Air mendidih pada 100 derajaT Celcius.) |
He said that water boils at 100 degrees
Celcius.
(Dia mengatakan bahwa air mendidih pada 100 derajat Celcius.) |
verb (present) tidak berubah (menjadi past)
karena pernyataan tersebut merupakan general truth |
|
“That man is generous.”
(Lelaki itu pemurah.) |
She told that that man isgenerous.
(Dia mengatakan bahwa lelaki itu pemurah.) |
verb (present) tidak berubah karena
pernyataan tersebut merupakan fact.
|
|
Kondisi 2
|
||
|
“I feel empty.”
(Saya merasa kosong.) |
He said that he feels empty.
(Dia mengatakan bahwa dia merasa kosong.) |
penyampai berita percaya bahwa apa yang
disampaikannya masih
benar/berlaku karena setelah mendengar langsung dilaporkan |
|
“I‘m going to visit Bali on December 30,
2015″.
(Saya akan mengunjungi Bali pada tanggal 30 Desember 2012.) |
She told that she is going to
visit Bali on December 30, 2015. (Dia mengatakan bahwa dia akan mengunjungi Bali pada tanggal 30 Desember 2015.) |
penyampai berita menyampaikannya sebelum 30
Desember 2015,
selain itu dia juga percaya pada pernyataan pembicara. |
Bila penyampai berita tidak percaya kepada speaker (pembicara),
tidak yakin bahwa berita masih valid, atau ingin bersikap netral, verb
tense umumnya diubah menjadi bentuk past. Hal yang sama berlakuketika
penyampai berita yakin bahwa berita masih valid/belum terjadi, namun dia tidak
fokus pada validitas berita tersebut, melainkan pada fakta bahwa pembicaraan
tersebut merupakan past conversation (terjadi dimasa lampau).
Contoh:
|
Contoh Direct Speech
|
Contoh Indirect Speech
|
Keterangan
|
|
“I‘m going to visit Bali on December 30,
2012″
(Saya akan mengunjungi Bali pada tanggal 30 Desember 2012.) |
She told that she was going to visit
Bali on December 30, 2012.
(Dia mengatakan bahwa dia akan mengunjungi Bali pada tanggal 30 Desember 2012.) |
Penyampai berita tidak percaya kepadaspeaker,
misalnya walaupun belum tanggal 30 Desember, namun speaker telah
berkali-kali mengatakan akan ke Bali tetapi tidak pernah jadi.
|
|
“I don’t like bananas!”
(Saya tidak suka pisang!) |
He said that hedidn’t like bananas.
(Dia mengatakan bahwa dia tidak suka pisang.) |
Penyampai berita tidak yakin bahwa berita masih
valid, misalnya karena speaker sekarang makan pisang setiap hari.
|
|
“I will call you later.”
(Saya akan menghubungimu nanti.) |
She told me that hewould call me later.
(Dia mengatakan padaku bahwa dia akan menghubungiku nanti.) |
Penyampai berita ingin bersikap netral: tidak
menyimpulkan bahwa speaker tidak akan menepati ataupun akan
menepati janji
|
|
“I enjoy swimming.”
(Saya menyukai berenang.) |
He said that he enjoyed swimming.
(Dia mengatakan bahwa dia menyukai berenang.) |
Penyampai berita fokus pada fakta bahwa
pembicaraan tersebut merupakan past conversation bukan pada fakta
bahwa speakermasih suka berenang.
|
Contoh Kombinasi Perubahan Direct Speech Menjadi
Indirect Speech
Pada artikel sebelumnya sudah ditampilkan berbagai
contoh directdan indirect speech dengan berbagai macam
perubahannya (time reference, verb/modal, whether/if) secara parsial.
Berikut beberapa contoh perubahan direct menjadi indirect speechdengan
berbagai kombinasi perubahannya.
|
Reporting
|
Contoh Direct – Indirect Speech
|
Keterangan
|
|
“I’m so happy.”
(Saya sangat bahagia.)
Indirect speech:
She told me that she was so happy.
(Dia mengatakan padaku bahwa dia sangat bahagia.) |
Pronoun:
subjek “I” menjadi “she” (orang ketiga); Verb: am (present tense) menjadi was (past tense) (misalnya) karena diasumsikan dia sudah tidak terlihat sangat bahagia lagi (biasa saja). |
|
|
“Please reconsider my
proposal.” (Tolong pertimbangkan kembali proposal saya.)
Indirect speech:
He requested that I reconsiderhis
proposal. (Dia meminta saya mempertimbangkan kembali proposalnya.) |
Pronoun:
my menjadi his (orang ketiga); Verb: tidak berubah (misalnya) karena diasumsikan penyampai berita langsung menyampaikan perkataan tersebut atau dengan kata lain permohonan masih berlaku. |
|
|
“Don’t be panic.”
(Jangan panik.)
Indirect speech:
She told me not to be panic.
(Dia mengatakan pada saya untuk tidak panik.) |
Verb:
menjadi infinitive pada reporting commands |
|
|
“Can I put my bag here?”
(Dapatkan saya meletakkan tas saya disini?)
Indirect speech:
He asked if he could put his bag there.
(Dia bertanya apakah ia bisa meletakkan tasnya disana.) |
Verb:
can menjadi could (misalnya) karena penyampai berita fokus pada fakta bahwa pembicaraan itu merupakan past conversation; Time reference: here berubah menjadi there; if: ditambahkan pada yes-no question |
|
|
“Will you forgive me?”
(Maukah kamu memaafkanku?)
Indirect speech:
He asked if I would forgive him.
(Dia bertanya apakah saya akan memaafkannya.) |
Verb:
will menjadi would (misalnya) karena penyampai berita telah memaafkan speaker. |
|
|
“What‘s your choice?”
(Apa pilihanmu?)
Indirect speech:
She wanted to know what my choice is.
(Dia ingin tau apa pilihanku.) |
Verb:
tetap is misalnya karena penyampai berita masih belum memutuskan apa pilihannya. |
Exercise:
Turn the following sentences into indirect speech.
1. John said, ‘I am very busy
now.’
2. He said, ‘The horse has been fed.’
3. ‘I know her name and address,’ said John.
4. ‘German is easy to learn,’ she said.
5. He said, ‘I am writing letters.’
6. ‘It is too late to go out,’ Alice said.
7. He said to me, ‘I don’t believe you.’
8. He says, ‘I am glad to be here this evening.’
9. He said to me, ‘What are you doing?’
10. ‘Where is the post office?’ asked the stranger.
11. He said, ‘Will you listen to me?’
12. John said to Peter, ‘Go away.’
13. She said to me, ‘Please wait here till I return.’
14. ‘Call the witness,’ said the judge.
15. The speaker said, ‘Be quiet and listen to my words.’
2. He said, ‘The horse has been fed.’
3. ‘I know her name and address,’ said John.
4. ‘German is easy to learn,’ she said.
5. He said, ‘I am writing letters.’
6. ‘It is too late to go out,’ Alice said.
7. He said to me, ‘I don’t believe you.’
8. He says, ‘I am glad to be here this evening.’
9. He said to me, ‘What are you doing?’
10. ‘Where is the post office?’ asked the stranger.
11. He said, ‘Will you listen to me?’
12. John said to Peter, ‘Go away.’
13. She said to me, ‘Please wait here till I return.’
14. ‘Call the witness,’ said the judge.
15. The speaker said, ‘Be quiet and listen to my words.’
Answers
1. John said that he was very busy
then.
2. He said that the horse had been fed.
3. John said that he knew/knows her name and address. (Note that the tenses may not change if the statement is still relevant or if it is a universal truth.)
4. She said that German is/was easy to learn.
5. He said that he was writing letters.
6. Alice said that it was too late to go out.
7. He told me that he didn’t believe me. OR He said he didn’t believe me.
8. He says that he is glad to be here this evening. (When the reporting verb is in the present tense, adverbs of time and place do not normally change in indirect speech.)
9. He asked me what I was doing.
10. The stranger asked where the post office is/was.
11. He asked me if I would listen to him.
12. John ordered Peter to go away.
13. She asked me to wait there till she returned.
14. The judge commanded them to call the first witness.
15. He urged them to be quiet and listen to them.
2. He said that the horse had been fed.
3. John said that he knew/knows her name and address. (Note that the tenses may not change if the statement is still relevant or if it is a universal truth.)
4. She said that German is/was easy to learn.
5. He said that he was writing letters.
6. Alice said that it was too late to go out.
7. He told me that he didn’t believe me. OR He said he didn’t believe me.
8. He says that he is glad to be here this evening. (When the reporting verb is in the present tense, adverbs of time and place do not normally change in indirect speech.)
9. He asked me what I was doing.
10. The stranger asked where the post office is/was.
11. He asked me if I would listen to him.
12. John ordered Peter to go away.
13. She asked me to wait there till she returned.
14. The judge commanded them to call the first witness.
15. He urged them to be quiet and listen to them.
Referensi:
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